10 yam lus qub tshaj plaws

Cov txheej txheem:

10 yam lus qub tshaj plaws
10 yam lus qub tshaj plaws
Anonim

Ib zaug dhau ib lub sijhawm, ua ntej tsim kev coj noj coj ua thiab ua ntej cov cai ntawm tib neeg tau tsim, tib neeg sib tham siv tes taw tes thiab lub suab qhov ncauj thaum ub. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus tau pib txog 10,000 xyoo dhau los thiab hloov pauv tib neeg.

Nws yog kev siv cov lus uas coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg thiab coj peb mus rau qhov peb niaj hnub no. Txawm hais tias keeb kwm ntawm thawj hom lus muaj teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb, qee cov vaj lug kub qub thiab cov duab tha xim tso rau qee qhov kev xav.

10 yam lus qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb

Greek (1400 BC)

Greek yog ib qho ntawm cov lus sau qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, ib ntawm thawj cov lus Indo-European, thiab cov lus uas muaj keeb kwm ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv sib piv hauv ntiaj teb. Thawj cov ntawv Greek tau pom ntawm cov av nplaum ci hauv qhov seem ntawm Minoan palace ntawm Knossos hauv Crete. Hom lus no hu ua Linear A thiab tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab txog niaj hnub no. Qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws tau sau rau ntawm Phaistos disc nto moo. Hauv xyoo pua 12th BC, ib hom lus tshiab tau pib tsim hu ua Linear B, qhov twg txhua tus cim yog ua ke ntawm cov ntawv sib txuas thiab cov tsiaj ntawv. Linear B hnub los ntawm Mycenaean kev vam meej.

Hatti (1400 BC)

Cov lus Hutt yog hom lus tsis yog Indo-European ntawm Anatolia thaum ub. Cov lus Hutt muaj nyob hauv Hittite cov ntawv cuneiform. Nws yog hom lus ntawm cov lus sib txawv (cov lus ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm) nyob hauv qhov khoov ntawm Dej Galis (tam sim no hu ua Dej Kyzyl) thiab nyob rau ntau thaj tsam sab qaum teb. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom ntev npaum li cas cov Hattians nyob hauv Anatolia ua ntej Indo -Europeans nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws, tab sis nws zoo li thaum pib ntawm lub tebchaws Hittite tshiab (c. 1400 - c. 1190 BC), Hatti yog lus tuag.

Luwian (1400 BC)

Cov lus tau xub sau npe tsis raug raws li hieroglyphic Hittite raws li nws tau pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm Hittite peev ntawm Hattusa (niaj hnub Bogazkal), tab sis nws qhov kev txiav txim siab thaum kawg coj mus rau qhov xaus tias cov lus tsis yog Hittite, tab sis Luwian. Hittite thiab Luwian koom nrog pawg Anatolian ntawm tsev neeg lus Indo-European. Raws li Hittite cov peev txheej, Luwians yog lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab lawv tau tsim lub nceeg vaj hu ua Arzava nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb Anatolia, qhov twg Luwian hieroglyphs tej zaum yuav los.

Hittite (1650 BC)

Cov Hittites yog ib ntawm ntau haiv neeg uas tau hais lus Anatolian ceg ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg ntawm cov lus. Cov lus Hittite tau cuam tshuam nrog Luwian, thiab tej zaum nrog cov lus tom qab xws li Lydian, Lycian, thiab Carian. Tsis zoo li Luwian, uas muaj kev sau ntawv hauv ib cheeb tsam, cov neeg Hittites tau saws Akkadian cuneiform. Kwv yees li 375 tus cim cuneiform tau txais los ntawm Akkadian cuneiform. Raws li hauv Akkadian, cov cim tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntxhib rau hauv phonograms, logograms thiab txiav txim siab.

Hurrian (2200 BC)

Cov lus Hurrian, uas tau ploj mus txij li 3 txhiab xyoo BC. e., Tsis yog lus Indo-European lossis lus Semitic. Nws yog hom lus ntawm Mitanni lub nceeg vaj nyob rau sab qaum teb Mesopotamia, thiab tej zaum tsawg kawg yog thawj zaug tau hais hauv Hurrian kev sib hais ntawm niaj hnub Syria. Nws ntseeg tias cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus no yog los ntawm Armenian toj siab thiab kis thoob plaws sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Anatolia thiab sab qaum teb Mesopotamia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib ob BC.

Elamite (2300 BC)

Kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv hauv Elam tau tshwm sim ua ke nrog kev txhim kho hauv Sumer. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 8 txhiab BC. Cov av nplaum tokens tau siv los sawv cev cov khoom lag luam: nplej, tsiaj txhu, cawv, thiab lwm yam.cov av nplaum tokens tau khaws cia hauv cov ntawv ntim uas feem ntau yuav qhia tus tswv lossis cov ntsiab lus. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, cov cim pib siv rau saum npoo ntawm lub hnab ntawv txhawm rau txhawm rau suav tus lej ntawm tokens sab hauv, yog li cov lej tau tshwm sim. Tsis ntev, cov av nplaum tokens tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho, thiab yog li ua tiav qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov tsis paub daws teeb sawv cev ntawm qhov ntau.

Eblaitic (2400 BC)

Eblaite yog cov lus Semitic uas tau ploj lawm uas tau siv nyob rau xyoo pua 21st BC hauv lub nroog ancient Ebla, nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm niaj hnub Syria. Eblight tau nyob ze rau cov lus ua ntej Sargon Akkadian. Piv txwv li, Xibfwb Manfred Krebernik hais tias Eblight yog "muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Akkadian tias nws tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog lus Akkadian thaum ntxov." Raws li Cyrus H. Gordon, thaum cov kws sau ntawv yuav tau hais lus Eblight, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tsis siv nws. Cov lus tau paub los ntawm qee qhov 15,000 cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj uas tau pom hauv xyoo 1970s, feem ntau nyob hauv lub nroog Ebla uas puas.

Akkadian (2400 BC)

Akkadian, tseem hu ua Assyro-Babylonian, yog cov lus Semitic uas tau hais tseg hauv Mesopotamia txij li xyoo thib 3 txog rau ib txhiab xyoo BC. NS. Nws tau faib thoob plaws thaj chaw uas nthuav tawm ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean mus rau Persian Gulf thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Sargon dynasty, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm kwv yees li 2334 txog 2279 BC. NS. Txog xyoo 2000, cov lus tau siv rau Sumerian, txawm hais tias Sumerian tseem siv ua lus sau rau cov ntawv dawb ceev.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Akkadian tau faib ua lus As Kiv, uas tau hais nyob rau sab qaum teb Mesopotamia, thiab cov lus Babylonian, uas tau hais nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Mesopotamia. Thaum xub thawj, cov lus As Kiv tau nthuav dav ntau dua, tab sis Babylonian tau maj mam muab nws los ua cov lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus hauv Middle East los ntawm xyoo pua 9th BC.

Iyiv (2700 BC)

Raws li cov ntawv qub, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau faib keeb kwm ntawm lus Iyiv ua tsib lub sijhawm: Ancient Egyptian (los ntawm 3000 txog 2200), Middle Egyptian (2200-1600), Lig Egyptian (1550 - c. 700), Demotic (c.. 700 BC) - kwv yees li 400 g) thiab Coptic (ntawm 2 txog 17 c). Yog li, tsib yam lus sau ua lus sib txawv. Cov sijhawm hais lus no tsuas yog siv cov lus sau, uas feem ntau txawv ntawm cov lus hais. Coptic tseem siv los ntawm pawg ntseeg (nrog rau Arabic) ntawm cov ntseeg hais lus Arabic hauv Egypt.

Sumerian (2900 BC)

Cov lus Sumerian nyob rau yav qab teb Mesopotamia nyob rau tiam thib ob txhiab xyoo BC yog thawj hom lus uas siv hauv cuneiform. Nws yog hom lus sib cais, uas txhais tau tias peb tsis paub lwm yam lus uas tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws, txawm tias lawv yog leej twg. Thaum muaj qee qhov kev xav uas Sumerian yog ib feem ntawm cov lus Uralic xws li Hungarian thiab Finnish, lossis lwm yam lus hauv tsev neeg, qhov no yog qhov kev xav tsawg tsawg nrog cov pov thawj tsis txaus.

Hom lus no tau hais nyob hauv thaj av uas cov neeg Semitic tseem tau hais, tshwj xeeb yog Akkadian, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib ob BC, nws thiaj li tso tseg tsis siv cov lus no. Txawm li cas los xij, hom kev sau ntawv ntawm cov lus muaj nyob rau lwm 2,000 xyoo, thiab qhov no tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lwm yam lus hauv cheeb tsam hais txog lawv cov lus, kev sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv.

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